Aircraft design innovation: creating an environment for creativity

Innovation in aeronautics has been investigated by exploring the factors that promote innovation (e.g. adversity, observation and curiosity, contests, grand challenges, collaboration, analysis tools, and knowledge bases) and the factors that inhibit innovation (e.g. limitations of simulation tools, absence of a creative environment, fear of failure, unwarranted criticism, and poor definition of success). These factors are discussed in an anecdotal, retrospective manner, with numerous historical examples cited. Innovation relies heavily on underdeveloped methodologies and knowledge bases, generating immature technologies. The need to assess and manage the risks resulting from the incorporation of immature technologies in aircraft systems is an essential part of the innovation process. Risk management, in terms of risk assessment (using technology readiness levels) and risk characterization, is presented at an introductory level.